UNIT 2

SENTENCES REVIEW

 

• TYPES OF SENTENCES: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex

 

• Simple Sentences

– A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb.

– It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own.

 

Examples:

• The baby cried for food.

^There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.

• Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework.

^ A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It can have adjectives. In this case, there are two verbs “completed” and “turned in.” However, the sentence expresses one complete thought and therefore is a simple sentence.

• Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick.

^Although there are two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both verbs share the same subjects and express one complete thought.

 

• Compound Sentences
  • A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.
  • Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences.
  • These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction of FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

 

Examples:

• The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police.

^Both sides of the conjunction “so” are complete sentences. “The shoplifter had stolen clothes” can stand alone and so can “he ran once he saw the police.” Therefore, this is a compound sentence.

• They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.

^This is also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two individual clauses.

 

• Complex Sentences
• A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought.
• A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which).

 

Examples:

• After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.

^ The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.” The subordinating clause before it is dependent on the main, independent clause. If one were to say “after eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory,” it would be an incomplete thought.

• Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male accomplishments.

^ The subject is “opinionated women” and the verb is “are given.” The first part of the sentence “opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies” is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought. The following “that privilege male accomplishments” is a relative clause that describes which types of societies.

• The woman who taught Art History 210 was fired for stealing school supplies.

^ The dependent clause in this sentence is “who taught Art History 210” because if removed, the rest of the sentence would stand as an independent clause. “Who taught Art History 210” is an adjective clause that provides necessary details about the subject, woman.

 

• Compound-Complex Sentences
  • A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent

 

Examples:

• After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates forlunch, and they went to the movies.

^ If we remove the dependent clause “after the two soccer players lost their game,” we have a compound sentence. The dependent clause makes this sentence compound-complex.

• The man believed in the system, and he knew that justice would prevail after the murderer was sent to jail.

 

EXERCISE 1

Combine the simple sentences below into compound sentences. Underline the conjunction that you add.

1. a. Brazil was colonized by Europ
2. b.Its culture has been greatly influenced by this fact.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

1. a,\This was my first visit to the international section of the airport
2. Nothing was familiar.

______________________________________________________________________

 

3. Many people today are overweight
4. Being overweight has been connected to some kinds of cancer.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

4. Walls fell
5. Markets opened
6. People rejoiced in the streets, anticipating a life full of opportunities and freedom

to make their own choices.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

5. Should public school students be allowed to make individual decisions about

clothing?

1. Should all students be required to wear a uniform?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

6. The United States has one of the largest militaries in the world
7. Americans are no longer called upon to use their own weapons in the military.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

 

EXERCISE 2

Combine the simple sentences below into complex sentences. Underline the conjunction that you add.

1. The Northeast is experiencing snowstorms
2. Cities like Miami, Florida, can have temperatures over 85 degrees Fahrenheit.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

2. Brazil and the United States are unique countries
3. There are remark­able similarities in their size, ethnic groups, and personal values.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

3. Taiwanese culture puts a strong emphasis on university admission
4. Get­ting into the right university can guarantee future success.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

4. We type a grammatically incorrect sentence
5. One of these programs highlights the incorrect parts of the sentence and corrects

them.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

5. Almost every area has a community college
6. Students who opt to go to a community college can continue to be near their

families for two more years.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

 

EXERCISE 3

Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex. Please underline dependent clauses where it applies.

• Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood.
• The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.
• The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.
• Trina and Hareem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.
• Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.
• While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin organized the kitchen appliances.
• After listening to the Kanye West CD, I have new respect for his music.
• After the teacher chose groups, John and Sara were selected as partners for a project, yet Sarah did most of the work.

 

• REPORTED SPEECH

 

Direct speech is speech inside quotation marks. It is used to repeat the exact words that somebody said:

 

My mother told me, “You have to work harder in school, or you’ll fail.”

 

While this is okay for sharing stories with friends, this is not the best way to report a conversation, either in speech or in writing. It shows a better education to use reported speech:

 

My mother told me that I had to work harder or that I would fail.

 

 

Direct speech				Indirect speech
Simple present “I never eat,” he explained.   Present continuous “I’m waiting for Ann,” he said.   Present perfect “I have found a flat,” he said.   Present perfect continuous He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”   Simple Past “I took it home with me,” she said   Future He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”   Future Continuous “I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24th,” she said   But note, Conditional I said, “I would/should like to see it”	=     =     =     =     =     =     =       =	Simple past He explained that he never ate  meat   Past continuous He said  (that) he was waiting for Ann   Past perfect continuous He said that he had found a flat   Past perfect continuous He said that he had been waiting for ages   Past Perfect She said that he had taken it with her   Conditional He said he would be in Paris on Monday     Conditional Continuous She said she would be using the car herself     Conditional I said I would/should like to see it (no tense change)

 

 

Rules for Forming Reported Speech

 

 

1. When reporting a statement (not a question), we generally use that:

 

In short sentences, we often drop that, but in writing it is a good idea to use it all the time, even for short sentences!

 

NOTE: In reported speech, we repeat that after and, but and or.

NOTE: There are no commas before or after and, but or or in reported speech.

NOTE: There are no commas before or after that!

 

She said that he was hungry and that he wanted to eat soon.

He told me that he had never been to France but that he wanted to go.

They promised us that they would tell the truth.

 

2. When reporting a question, we use if for yes/no questions or the appropriate question words (who, what, where, when, how, why) for information questions:

 

NOTE: You never use that when reporting a question!

NOTE: You never use a question mark (?) when reporting a question!

 

He asked me if I was going to the office party. (“Are you going to the…”)

He asked me when I would call him. (“When will you call me?”)

He asked me how much my rent was. (“How much is your rent?”)

 

3a. The following verbs must be used with an indirect object:

(There is no to before these indirect objects!)

 

told                  He told me that he was hungry.

informed         We informed her that the store was closed.

reminded        He reminded the staff that the meeting was at 8 PM.

 

3b.       The following verbs may be used with an indirect object, but the indirect object is optional (up to you).

(There is no to before these indirect objects!)

 

He asked his wife why she was so angry.

OR       He asked          why she was so angry.

 

            asked                           We asked [her] where her husband was.

            answered                    He answered [me] that he couldn’t help.

            promised                     She promised [him] that she would stay.

 

3c.      The following verbs need to before the indirect object. For any verb that needs to before the indirect object, the indirect object is optional:

 

He said to me              that he was the chief of police.

OR       He said                        that he was the chief of police.

 

said                             He said [to his wife] that he was hungry.

explained                    We explained [to her] why we had been late.

exclaimed                   She exclaimed [to the boy] that she was furious.

complained                 They complained [to us] that the room was too cold.

 

4. In English we report commands, orders, requests and suggestions to other people in a five-part format:

 

                1                              2                                 3                                           4                               5

 

Somebody                                                           somebody else

She                                          told                              her daughter               to eat.

We                                          asked                           them                           to help us.

The officer                              ordered                       me                               not to run.

He                                            advised                        the student                 not to quit.

Mr. and Mrs. Jones                 wanted                        their son                      to study.

 

(1)                               (2)                               (3)                   (4)                               (5)

							to or not to		do something (a verb in the base form)

 

 

 

 

 

5. If the direct speech was in the present tense, the reported speech must be in the past

tense:

 

She said, “I am an actress, and I also sing.”

She said that she was an actress and that she also sang.

 

6. If the direct speech was in the past tense, the reported speech must be in the past perfect

(the “past before a past” form, had + past participle):

 

He said, “I was scared when I fell down the stairs.”

He said that he had been scared when he had fallen down the stairs.

 

7. Some x-words change from direct to reported speech:

 

            can/could                    I asked him, “Can I see your sister?”

I asked him if I could see his sister.

 

            shall/should                She asked, “Shall I call you later?”

She asked if she should call me later.

 

            will/would                  He told them, “I‘ll help you tomorrow.”

He told them that he would help them the following day.

 

            may/might                  She said, “I may study tonight.”

She said that she might study that night.

 

            must/had to                He said, “I must see a doctor soon.”

He said that he had to see a doctor soon.

 

 

8. Some verbs and verb combinations have no change in the reported form. Don’t change the past perfect (had + p.p.), the unreal (present or past), or any combination with could, should, would, or might.

 

past perfect                He said, “My father had already died before I graduated.”

He said that his father had already died before he had

graduated.

present                        He said, “I would help the homeless if I were mayor.”

unreal                          He said that he would help the homeless if he were mayor.

 

past                             She said, “I would have given the answer if I had known it.”

b                                  She said that she would have given the answer if she had known

it.

 

            could                           I said, “I could run faster when I was young.”

I said that I could run faster when he had been young.

            should                         He said, “You should get married.”

He said that I should get married.

should have                 She said, “I should have worn a better dress yesterday.”

She said that she should have worn a better dress the day

before.

 

            might                           I said, “I might go to the Statue of Liberty.”

I said that I might go to the Statue of Liberty.

 

Rules for Reporting Questions

 

 9a.      The normal form for asking a direct question is [W] X S V:

 

(question word)       (auxiliary)        (subject)          {verb) [a base form, ing form, or past participle]

 

                          [W]                X                          S                    V

 

1. Where is                     your father      working           these days?
2. Are                  they                 going               to the picnic?
3. Why do                    you                  talk                  so much?
4. Does your brother    eat                   meat?
5. How much did                   that book         cost?
6. Have you                  seen                my textbook?

 

 9b.      In reported speech, a question is reported with the order W S [X] V.

 

1. A question with is changes to was.
2. A question with are changes to was/were.
3. A question with do changes to the simple past.
4. A question with does changes to the simple past.
5. A question with did changes to the past perfect (had + past participle).
6. The present perfect also changes to the past perfect.
7. The question word (under the W) is if for all yes/no (XSV) questions.
8. There are no commas and no question marks in reported questions.

 

 9c.      Here are the reported speech forms of the questions in 9a (above):

 

W                     S                                [X]                   V

• He asked me where                           my father                  was                 working those days.
• He asked me if                       they                           were                going               to the picnic.
• He asked me why                  I                                 talked              so much.
• He asked me if                       my brother                                        ate
• He asked me how much         that book                   had
• He asked me if                       I                                 had                  seen    his textbook.

 

Expressions That Change in Reported Speech

 

10. Certain expressions must change in the reported form of speech:

this                              that these                            those here                             there tomorrow                    the following day or the next day next month                  the following month or the next month today                           that day tonight                                     that night this afternoon             that afternoon yesterday                     the day before or the previous day last year                       the year before or the previous year last night                      the night before or the previous night

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The word now does not have to change, but it can change to then. Most native English speakers don’t change now.

 

He said, “I was sick yesterday, but now I’m all right.”

 

He said that he had been sick the day before but that now he was all right.

He said that he had been sick the day before but that then he was all right.

 

Reported Speech Verbs

 

ask‑                 to get information or to make a request for someone to do something (He asked her…)

beg–                 to ask strongly and emotionally for someone to do something (She begged him…)

tell‑                 to give information or to give a command (He told us….)

order‑              to give somebody a strong command (She ordered them….)

answer‑           to respond (We answered [him]…)

respond‑          to answer (He responded [to her]…)

remind‑           to tell somebody something that he or she might have forgotten (He reminded

me…)

exclaim‑          to state information with great emotion (not used for giving commands) (He

exclaimed [to her]…)

explain‑           to state information that will help somebody understand something (She explained [to him]…)

 

Reported Speech Action Verbs (These verbs are often used to report short exchanges.)

 

thank–             He thanked her. (He said thank you to her.)

greet–              She greeted him. (She said hello to him.)

agree–             He agreed. (He said that somebody was right or that he would do what somebody wanted.)

refuse–            She refused. (She said that she wouldn’t obey somebody or that she wouldn’t do

somebody a favor.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

EXERCISE 4

Complete the reported speech sentences using the verb given.

• ‘Why don’t you sit down for a moment?’

She suggested _______________________________________________________________

• ‘I could make you something to eat if you like’

She offered__________________________________________________________________

• ‘I’m feeling hungry, actually’.

I admitted___________________________________________________________________

• ‘I’m sorry that I was so late’.

I apologised__________________________________________________________________

• ‘What happened?’

She asked him _______________________________________________________________

• ‘I got stuck in the traffic’.

I told her ___________________________________________________________________

• ‘Now don’t forget you have to practise every day’.

She reminded me_____________________________________________________________

• ‘Of course. I’ll practise every afternoon after school’.

I promised___________________________________________________________________

• ‘And don’t leave your books at school again!’

She warned me_______________________________________________________________

• ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so much time playing computer games’.

She advised me_______________________________________________________________

 

EXERCISE 5

Complete each sentence in reported speech, using these verbs:

 

promised,      suggested,     insisted,    refused,    accused,  

explained,      said,     asked,   advised

 

• ‘Why don’t we go for a walk?’

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘I wasn’t anywhere near the scene of the crime’.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘This spot is the best place for a picnic’.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘The swallows return every spring and fly past my window.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Can you answer the phone? I’m having a shower!’

___________________________________________________________________________

 

• ‘I gave you my homework last week’.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Could you come and pick me up from school today, dad?’

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much’.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘I won’t help you because you didn’t help me’.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘I’ll bring it back tomorrow’.

___________________________________________________________________________

 

EXERCISE 6

Turn the following into reported speech.

• ‘You must hand in your homework tomorrow morning’, our teacher said to us.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘I don’t want to go to school today’, Sammy said to his mother.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘I’ll buy some milk on my way home from work,’ said John.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Tommy hasn’t finished eating his dinner ‘, Lucy said to Roy.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘My mother can look after the children next week’, Sue said to Harry.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Tony was practising the clarinet last night’, his father said.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘The last time I  saw  Jean was two months ago,’ Diane said.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Mr White comes to my cafe for a cup of coffee every morning, ‘Don said.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘Eric has just opened his new shop,’ Ian said to Ben.

___________________________________________________________________________

• ‘You must pay the bills on Monday’, Clare said to Alan.

___________________________________________________________________________